diff --git a/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Inc/swo_log.h b/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Inc/swo_log.h
index d3ed1f7..a727821 100644
--- a/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Inc/swo_log.h
+++ b/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Inc/swo_log.h
@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@ static inline uint32_t __swo_putc(uint32_t c, unsigned int channel) {
   return (c);
 }
 
+#define DEBUG_CHANNEL_ENABLED(channel) ({ \
+  unsigned int ch = (channel); \
+  (ch < 32) ? __ITM_channel_enabled(ch) : false; \
+})
+
+[[gnu::nonnull(1), gnu::null_terminated_string_arg(1)]]
 static inline void __swo_print(const char *str, unsigned int channel) {
   if (!__ITM_channel_enabled(channel)) {
     return;
@@ -61,22 +67,18 @@ static inline void __swo_print(const char *str, unsigned int channel) {
   }
 }
 
-// Print a message to the SWO interface
-//
-// Each log level is printed to a different ITM channel
-[[gnu::format(printf, 2, 3)]]
-static inline void debug_log(enum log_level_t level, const char *msg, ...) {
-  va_list args;
-  va_start(args, msg);
-  char buffer[MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH];
-  size_t len = vsnprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), msg, args);
-  va_end(args);
-  __swo_print(log_level_names[level], level);
-  __swo_print(buffer, level);
-  if (len >= sizeof(buffer)) {
-    __swo_print(" [message length exceeded] ", level);
-  }
-  __swo_putc('\n', level);
-}
+#define DEBUG_LOG(level, msg, ...) \
+  do { \
+    if (DEBUG_CHANNEL_ENABLED(level)) { \
+      char buffer[MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH]; \
+      size_t len = snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), msg, ##__VA_ARGS__); \
+      __swo_print(log_level_names[level], level); \
+      __swo_print(buffer, level); \
+      if (len >= sizeof(buffer)) { \
+        __swo_print(" [message length exceeded] ", level); \
+      } \
+      __swo_putc('\n', level); \
+    } \
+  } while (0)
 
 #endif /* __SWO_LOG_H */
diff --git a/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Lib/ADBMS6830B_Driver/Core/Inc/ADBMS_LL_Driver.h b/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Lib/ADBMS6830B_Driver/Core/Inc/ADBMS_LL_Driver.h
index f3ccee8..11088e1 100755
--- a/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Lib/ADBMS6830B_Driver/Core/Inc/ADBMS_LL_Driver.h
+++ b/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Lib/ADBMS6830B_Driver/Core/Inc/ADBMS_LL_Driver.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #ifndef ADBMS_LL_DRIVER_H_
 #define ADBMS_LL_DRIVER_H_
 
+#include "config_ADBMS6830.h"
 #include "stm32h7xx_hal.h"
 #include <stdint.h>
 #define TARGET_STM32
@@ -20,14 +21,48 @@ typedef uint32_t uint32;
 
 uint8 adbmsDriverInit(SPI_HandleTypeDef* hspi);
 
-uint8 writeCMD(uint16 command, uint8* args, uint8 arglen);
-uint8 readCMD(uint16 command, uint8* buffer, uint8 buflen);
-uint8 pollCMD(uint16 command);
+//2 command + 2 PEC + (data + 2 DPEC) per BMS
+#define CMD_BUFFER_SIZE(datalen) (4 + (N_BMS * (datalen + 2)))
+
+//macro to function for better type checking (access attribute)
+[[gnu::access(read_only, 4, 1)]]
+static inline void __modify_writeCMD_args(size_t arglen, uint8_t args[static restrict N_BMS * (arglen + 2)], uint8_t bms, uint8_t * restrict data) {
+  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < arglen; i++) {
+    args[(bms * (arglen + 2)) + i] = data[i];
+  }
+}
+
+#define modify_writeCMD_args(args, bms, data) \
+  static_assert(bms < N_BMS, "bms out of range"); \
+  __modify_writeCMD_args(args.arglen, args.args + 4, bms, data)
+
+
+HAL_StatusTypeDef ___writeCMD(uint16_t command, uint8_t * args, size_t arglen);
+
+[[gnu::access(read_write, 2, 4), gnu::nonnull(2), gnu::always_inline]] //add dummy size variable for bounds checking, should be optimized out
+static inline HAL_StatusTypeDef __writeCMD(uint16_t command, uint8_t * args, size_t arglen, size_t _) {
+  return ___writeCMD(command, args, arglen);
+}
+
+#define writeCMD(command, args, arglen) \
+  __writeCMD(command, args, arglen, CMD_BUFFER_SIZE(arglen))
+
+[[gnu::access(read_write, 2, 3), gnu::nonnull(2)]]
+HAL_StatusTypeDef __readCMD(uint16_t command, uint8_t * buffer, size_t buflen);
+
+#define readCMD(command, buffer, buflen) ({ \
+  HAL_StatusTypeDef status = __readCMD(command, buffer, buflen); \
+  buffer += 4; /* skip command and PEC */ \
+  status; \
+})
+
+uint8_t pollCMD(uint16_t command);
+
 
 void mcuAdbmsCSLow();
 void mcuAdbmsCSHigh();
 
 uint8 wakeUpCmd();
-static inline void mcuDelay(uint16 delay) { HAL_Delay(delay); };
+static inline void mcuDelay(uint16_t delay) { HAL_Delay(delay); };
 
 #endif /* ADBMS_LL_DRIVER_H_ */
diff --git a/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Lib/ADBMS6830B_Driver/Core/Src/ADBMS_LL_Driver.c b/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Lib/ADBMS6830B_Driver/Core/Src/ADBMS_LL_Driver.c
index 4c85cdf..2c96b39 100755
--- a/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Lib/ADBMS6830B_Driver/Core/Src/ADBMS_LL_Driver.c
+++ b/AMS_Master_Code/Core/Lib/ADBMS6830B_Driver/Core/Src/ADBMS_LL_Driver.c
@@ -8,8 +8,11 @@
 #include "ADBMS_LL_Driver.h"
 #include "ADBMS_CMD_MAKROS.h"
 #include "config_ADBMS6830.h"
+#include "stm32h7xx_hal.h"
+#include "swo_log.h"
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include <strings.h>
 
 #define INITIAL_COMMAND_PEC        0x0010
 #define INITIAL_DATA_PEC           0x0010 
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@
 SPI_HandleTypeDef* adbmsspi;
 uint8_t command_queue[N_BMS][12] = {0};
 
-uint8 adbmsDriverInit(SPI_HandleTypeDef* hspi) {
+uint8_t adbmsDriverInit(SPI_HandleTypeDef* hspi) {
   mcuAdbmsCSLow();
   HAL_Delay(1);
   mcuAdbmsCSHigh();
@@ -27,42 +30,34 @@ uint8 adbmsDriverInit(SPI_HandleTypeDef* hspi) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-uint8 mcuSPITransmit(uint8* buffer, uint8 buffersize) {
-  HAL_StatusTypeDef status;
-  uint8 rxbuf[buffersize];
-  status = HAL_SPI_TransmitReceive(adbmsspi, buffer, rxbuf, buffersize,
-                                   ADBMS_SPI_TIMEOUT);
-  __HAL_SPI_CLEAR_OVRFLAG(adbmsspi);
-  return status;
+static HAL_StatusTypeDef mcuSPITransmit(uint8_t* buffer, uint8_t buffersize) {
+    HAL_StatusTypeDef status;
+    status = HAL_SPI_Transmit(adbmsspi, buffer, buffersize, ADBMS_SPI_TIMEOUT);
+    __HAL_SPI_CLEAR_OVRFLAG(adbmsspi);
+    return status;
 }
 
-uint8 mcuSPIReceive(uint8* buffer, uint8 buffersize) {
-  HAL_StatusTypeDef status;
-  status = HAL_SPI_Receive(adbmsspi, buffer, buffersize, ADBMS_SPI_TIMEOUT);
-  return status;
+static HAL_StatusTypeDef mcuSPIReceive(uint8_t* buffer, uint8_t buffersize) {
+    return HAL_SPI_Receive(adbmsspi, buffer, buffersize, ADBMS_SPI_TIMEOUT);
 }
 
-uint8 mcuSPITransmitReceive(uint8* rxbuffer, uint8* txbuffer,
-                            uint8 buffersize) {
-  HAL_StatusTypeDef status;
-  status = HAL_SPI_TransmitReceive(adbmsspi, txbuffer, rxbuffer, buffersize,
-                                   ADBMS_SPI_TIMEOUT);
-  return status;
+static HAL_StatusTypeDef mcuSPITransmitReceive(uint8_t* rxbuffer, uint8_t* txbuffer, uint8_t buffersize) {
+    return HAL_SPI_TransmitReceive(adbmsspi, txbuffer, rxbuffer, buffersize, ADBMS_SPI_TIMEOUT);
 }
 
 //command PEC calculation
 //CRC-15
 //x^15 + x^14 + x^10 + x^8 + x^7 + x^4 + x^3 + 1
 
-static uint16 updateCommandPEC(uint16 currentPEC, uint8 din) {
+static uint16 updateCommandPEC(uint16 currentPEC, uint8_t din) {
   din = (din >> 7) & 0x01;
-  uint8 in0 = din ^ ((currentPEC >> 14) & 0x01);
-  uint8 in3 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 2) & 0x01);
-  uint8 in4 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 3) & 0x01);
-  uint8 in7 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 6) & 0x01);
-  uint8 in8 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 7) & 0x01);
-  uint8 in10 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 9) & 0x01);
-  uint8 in14 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 13) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in0 = din ^ ((currentPEC >> 14) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in3 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 2) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in4 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 3) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in7 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 6) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in8 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 7) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in10 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 9) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in14 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 13) & 0x01);
 
   uint16 newPEC = 0;
 
@@ -85,12 +80,12 @@ static uint16 updateCommandPEC(uint16 currentPEC, uint8 din) {
   return newPEC;
 }
 
-static uint8 calculateCommandPEC(uint8_t* data, uint8_t datalen) {
+static uint8_t calculateCommandPEC(uint8_t* data, uint8_t datalen) {
   uint16 currentpec = INITIAL_COMMAND_PEC;
   if (datalen >= 3) {
     for (int i = 0; i < (datalen - 2); i++) {
       for (int n = 0; n < 8; n++) {
-        uint8 din = data[i] << (n);
+        uint8_t din = data[i] << (n);
         currentpec = updateCommandPEC(currentpec, din);
       }
     }
@@ -103,7 +98,7 @@ static uint8 calculateCommandPEC(uint8_t* data, uint8_t datalen) {
   }
 }
 
-static uint8 checkCommandPEC(uint8* data, uint8 datalen) {
+static uint8_t checkCommandPEC(uint8_t* data, uint8_t datalen) {
   if (datalen <= 3) {
     return 255;
   }
@@ -112,13 +107,13 @@ static uint8 checkCommandPEC(uint8* data, uint8 datalen) {
 
   for (int i = 0; i < (datalen - 2); i++) {
     for (int n = 0; n < 8; n++) {
-      uint8 din = data[i] << (n);
+      uint8_t din = data[i] << (n);
       currentpec = updateCommandPEC(currentpec, din);
     }
   }
 
-  uint8 pechigh = (currentpec >> 7) & 0xFF;
-  uint8 peclow = (currentpec << 1) & 0xFF;
+  uint8_t pechigh = (currentpec >> 7) & 0xFF;
+  uint8_t peclow = (currentpec << 1) & 0xFF;
 
   if ((pechigh == data[datalen - 2]) && (peclow == data[datalen - 1])) {
     return 0;
@@ -174,7 +169,7 @@ static uint16_t pec10_calc(bool rx_cmd, int len, uint8_t* data) {
 typedef uint16_t crc;
 static crc F_CRC_CalculaCheckSum(uint8_t const AF_Datos[], uint16_t VF_nBytes);
 
-static uint8 calculateDataPEC(uint8_t* data, uint8_t datalen) {
+static uint8_t calculateDataPEC(uint8_t* data, uint8_t datalen) {
 
   if (datalen >= 3) {
     
@@ -185,7 +180,7 @@ static uint8 calculateDataPEC(uint8_t* data, uint8_t datalen) {
     data[datalen - 2] = (currentpec >> 8) & 0xFF;
     data[datalen - 1] = currentpec & 0xFF;
 
-    volatile uint8 result = pec10_calc(true, datalen, data);
+    volatile uint8_t result = pec10_calc(true, datalen, data);
 
     return 0;
   } else {
@@ -193,7 +188,7 @@ static uint8 calculateDataPEC(uint8_t* data, uint8_t datalen) {
   }
 }
 
-static uint8 checkDataPEC(uint8* data, uint8 len) {
+static uint8_t checkDataPEC(uint8_t* data, uint8_t len) {
   if (len <= 2) {
     return 255;
   }
@@ -238,12 +233,12 @@ static crc F_CRC_CalculaCheckSum(uint8_t const AF_Datos[], uint16_t VF_nBytes) {
   return (VP_CRCTableValue ^ 0x0000);
 }
 
-static uint16 updateDataPEC(uint16 currentPEC, uint8 din) {
+static uint16 updateDataPEC(uint16 currentPEC, uint8_t din) {
   din = (din >> 7) & 0x01;
-  uint8 in0 = din ^ ((currentPEC >> 9) & 0x01);
-  uint8 in2 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 1) & 0x01);
-  uint8 in3 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 2) & 0x01);
-  uint8 in7 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 6) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in0 = din ^ ((currentPEC >> 9) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in2 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 1) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in3 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 2) & 0x01);
+  uint8_t in7 = in0 ^ ((currentPEC >> 6) & 0x01);
 
   uint16 newPEC = 0;
 
@@ -259,78 +254,93 @@ static uint16 updateDataPEC(uint16 currentPEC, uint8 din) {
 
   return newPEC;
 }
-
-uint8 writeCMD(uint16 command, uint8* args, uint8 arglen) {
-  uint8 ret;
+  
+HAL_StatusTypeDef ___writeCMD(uint16_t command, uint8_t * args, size_t arglen) {
+  HAL_StatusTypeDef ret = HAL_OK;
   if (arglen > 0) {
-    uint8 buffer[6 + arglen]; //command + PEC (2 bytes) + data + DPEC (2 bytes)
-    buffer[0] = (command >> 8) & 0xFF;
-    buffer[1] = (command) & 0xFF;
+    args[0] = (command >> 8) & 0xFF;
+    args[1] = (command) & 0xFF;
 
-    calculateCommandPEC(buffer, 4);
+    if (DEBUG_CHANNEL_ENABLED(LOG_LEVEL_NOISY)) {
+      debug_log(LOG_LEVEL_NOISY, "%d W | %x %x ", HAL_GetTick(), args[0], args[1]);
 
-    for (uint8 i = 0; i < arglen; i++) {
-      buffer[4 + i] = args[i];
+      //print out data bytes
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < N_BMS; i++) {
+        debug_log(LOG_LEVEL_NOISY, "%d: ", i);
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < arglen; j++) {
+          debug_log(LOG_LEVEL_NOISY, "%x ", args[4 + (i * (arglen + 2)) + j]);
+        }
+      }
+
+      debug_log(LOG_LEVEL_NOISY, "\n");
     }
 
-    calculateDataPEC(&buffer[4], arglen + 2); //DPEC is calculated over the data, not the command, and placed at the end of the data
+    calculateCommandPEC(args, 4);
 
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < N_BMS; i++) {
+      calculateDataPEC(&args[4 + (i * (arglen + 2))], arglen + 2); //DPEC is calculated over the data, not the command, and placed at the end of the data
+    }
+    
     mcuAdbmsCSLow();
-    ret = mcuSPITransmit(buffer, 6 + arglen);
+    ret = mcuSPITransmit(args, CMD_BUFFER_SIZE(arglen));
     mcuAdbmsCSHigh();
   } else {
-    uint8 buffer[4];
-    buffer[0] = (command >> 8) & 0xFF;
-    buffer[1] = (command) & 0xFF;
-    calculateCommandPEC(buffer, 4);
+    args[0] = (command >> 8) & 0xFF;
+    args[1] = (command) & 0xFF;
+    calculateCommandPEC(args, 4);
 
     mcuAdbmsCSLow();
-
-    ret = mcuSPITransmit(buffer, 4);
-
+    ret = mcuSPITransmit(args, 4);
     mcuAdbmsCSHigh();
   }
 
   return ret;
 }
 
-uint8 readCMD(uint16 command, uint8* buffer, uint8 buflen) {
-  uint8 txbuffer[6 + buflen];
-  uint8 rxbuffer[6 + buflen];
 
-  txbuffer[0] = (command >> 8) & 0xFF;
-  txbuffer[1] = (command)&0xFF;
-  calculateCommandPEC(txbuffer, 4);
+
+HAL_StatusTypeDef __readCMD(uint16_t command, uint8_t * buffer, size_t buflen) {
+  buffer[0] = (command >> 8) & 0xFF;
+  buffer[1] = (command)&0xFF;
+  calculateCommandPEC(buffer, 4);
 
   mcuAdbmsCSLow();
-  uint8 status = mcuSPITransmitReceive(rxbuffer, txbuffer, 6 + buflen);
+  HAL_StatusTypeDef status = mcuSPITransmitReceive(buffer, buffer, buflen);
   mcuAdbmsCSHigh();
 
-  if (status != 0) {
-    return status;
-  }
+  if (status != HAL_OK) return status;
 
-  for (uint8 i = 0; i < buflen; i++) {
-    buffer[i] = rxbuffer[i + 4];
-  }
-
-  [[maybe_unused]] uint8 commandCounter = rxbuffer[sizeof(rxbuffer) - 2] & 0xFC; //command counter is bits 7-2
+  //[[maybe_unused]] uint8_t commandCounter = buffer[sizeof(buffer) - 2] & 0xFC; //command counter is bits 7-2
                                                                                  //TODO: check command counter?
+
+  if (DEBUG_CHANNEL_ENABLED(LOG_LEVEL_NOISY)) {
+    debug_log(LOG_LEVEL_NOISY, "%d R | %x %x ", HAL_GetTick(), command >> 8, command & 0xFF);
+
+    //print out data bytes
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < N_BMS; i++) {
+      debug_log(LOG_LEVEL_NOISY, "%d: ", i);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < buflen; j++) {
+        debug_log(LOG_LEVEL_NOISY, "%x ", buffer[4 + (i * (buflen + 2)) + j]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    debug_log(LOG_LEVEL_NOISY, "\n");
+  }
                                                                                  
-  return checkDataPEC(&rxbuffer[4], buflen + 2);
+  return checkDataPEC(&buffer[4], buflen + 2);
 }
 
 //check poll command - no data PEC sent back
-uint8 pollCMD(uint16 command) {
-  uint8 txbuffer[5] = {};
-  uint8 rxbuffer[5] = {};
+uint8_t pollCMD(uint16_t command) {
+  uint8_t txbuffer[5] = {};
+  uint8_t rxbuffer[5] = {};
 
   txbuffer[0] = (command >> 8) & 0xFF;
   txbuffer[1] = (command)&0xFF;
   calculateCommandPEC(txbuffer, 4);
 
   mcuAdbmsCSLow();
-  uint8 status = mcuSPITransmitReceive(rxbuffer, txbuffer, 5);
+  uint8_t status = mcuSPITransmitReceive(rxbuffer, txbuffer, 5);
   mcuAdbmsCSHigh();
 
   if (status != 0) {